EXHIBIT 1
                                    ---------

                  AGREEMENT AS TO JOINT FILING OF SCHEDULE 13G
                  --------------------------------------------

Each of the undersigned hereby affirms that it is individually eligible to use
Schedule 13G, and agrees that this Schedule 13G is filed on its behalf.

Date: January 25, 1999

                      SALOMON SMITH BARNEY INC.



                      By: /s/ Marla A. Berman
                         --------------------------------------------
                         Name:  Marla A. Berman
                         Title:  Assistant Secretary


                      SALOMON BROTHERS HOLDING COMPANY INC



                      By: /s/ Howard M. Darmstadter
                         --------------------------------------------
                         Name:  Howard M. Darmstadter
                         Title:  Assistant Secretary


                      SALOMON SMITH BARNEY HOLDINGS INC.



                      By: /s/ Howard M. Darmstadter
                         --------------------------------------------
                         Name:  Howard M. Darmstadter
                         Title:  Assistant Secretary



                      CITIBANK, N.A.



                      By: /s/ Kenneth S. Cohen
                         --------------------------------------------
                         Name:  Kenneth S. Cohen
                         Title:  Vice President and
                                 Assistant Secretary


                      CITICORP



                      By: /s/ George E. Seegers
                         --------------------------------------------
                         Name:  George E. Seegers
                         Title:  Vice President and
                                 Secretary Pro-Tem



                      CITIGROUP INC.



                      By: /s/ Marla A. Berman
                         --------------------------------------------
                         Name:  Marla A. Berman
                         Title:  Assistant Secretary